Fetching the Fetchiest Art Story Ever Told (Part One)
by Lawrence Jeppson
In
last week’s column I dissed Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona
Lisa, aka
La Giaconda, in favor of
his Ginevra de’ Benci.
I deny the preference was chauvinistic, Washington winning out
against Paris.
Apart
that, art lore is stuffed with Mona
Lisa fables. My favorite
was one of those I recounted long ago in The
Fabulous Frauds. It’s
a doozy.
Like
the tale I told in one of my earliest columns about Whistler and his
pet gold fish, my Mona Lisa
tale is very apocryphal — except, as I learned many years
after I had retold it, the original author, Karl Decker, was an
editor of The Saturday Evening Post. The story
first appeared in that esteemed weekly magazine in 1932.
In
1911, Mona Lisa
was swiped from the Louvre in one of the two most celebrated art
thefts of all time. (The other was from the Gardner Museum in Boston
decades later.) It was recovered in Italy in 1913.
Decker
said that in 1914, he was sitting in a bar in Casablanca with an old
acquaintance, Eduardo, Marques de Valfierno, a noted con. There is
no record of how many drinks went down, but with Decker’s
prodding, Valfierno, who pretended to a Spanish title, confessed
that he was the genius behind the Mona Lisa theft.
He
made Decker promise he would not publish the story until after he
and Frenchman Yves Chaudron, his accomplice, were dead.
It
was Decker’s story, as I researched and retold for my book,
that prompted Japanese television producers to interview me in
Potomac, Maryland, and turn the interview into a 12-part series for
Japanese television.
In
Argentina, Valfierno and Chaudron took their art peccadilloes to
dizzying heights, creating a busy secret factory turning out fakes.
Chaudron was the skilled painter, Valfierno the smooth-talking
seller.
Well-to-do
Argentineans yearned for paintings by the great Spanish painters.
Chaudron painted and Valfierno sold bogus Murillos by the score,
until the saturation, when “Argentina had more Murillos than
cows.”
They
favored faking religious paintings by Bartolomé Esteban
Murillo (1618-1682). Murillo was born in Seville, Spain. His father
was a barber/surgeon, a common calling in those days. In the
beginning, Murillo was influenced by three great Spanish painters,
Zubarán, Jusepe de Ribera, and Alonzo Cano. He was greatly
influenced by a text by Molanus, Treatise on Sacred Images.
Murillo
had a prodigious output, especially in religious art and paintings
of children. The Prado museum in Madrid is awash with Murillos, and
Murillos can be found in every important museum that has Spanish
classical art.
At
the time of Valfierno-Chaudron, there was very little of genuine
Murillos in South America.
A genuine Murillo, Adoration of the Maji, 1660
A genuine Murillo, Annunciation, 1655-60, The Hermitage Museum
Researching
in the Library of Congress, I found a 1930 Art
Digest article that
observed that South America was full of old pictures, “not
many worth more than $10, as people who brought them to the U.S. to
sell discovered to their dismay.”
Valfierno
scrutinized every issue of La
Prensa. He skipped the
headlines and went straight to the obituaries, searching for names
of rich men. Rich men left rich widows, women who would cling to the
specter of departed mates, to prove publicly to all critical and
suspicious eyes —
especially their own — their steadfastness and profound grief.
Soon
after the death, the widow would receive a visit from the mannerly
Valfierno, who pretended an acquaintanceship with the deceased. To
the widow, he seemed like a father figure, a confessor. He played on
her feelings of guilt. If she didn’t have any, he adroitly
managed to find some for her.
When
Valfierno had the widow sufficiently prepped, he popped his trap.
“Senora,
you could render no greater honor to your husband than to beautify
the chapel of your choice with a fine painting in his name. But it
should be the work of a special artist. There is no painter in all
of Argentina — no, not in all of South America — who would be worthy of your
husband.
I
can offer you a great Murillo — a genuine Murillo from the
hand of Spain’s greatest painter. Imagine a great Murillo in
your chapel to honor — for all who come there —
this great man who was your husband.”
If
the deceased had come from another city, Valfierno recommended the
painting be given to a chapel in the home town, thus keeping Buenos
Aires from becoming overcrowded with Chaudron’s fakes.
Valfierno
finally tired of bilking widows. He left the business to Chaudron,
who by then had become a consummate master faker. Valfierno took a
quarter million dollars in gold and hied off to Mexico City. Alas,
Chaudron, who was so thin his bones showed through his skin,
couldn’t make the fakery scam work alone. He soon followed his
mentor.
In
the city there was already a famous Murillo extolled by the
guidebooks. Valfierno thought it was a bad painting, but it glowed
from the bath of public recognition. Security could not have been
very good.
Chaudron
began painting copies. The plotters would manage to get one of the
fresh copies inserted inside the frame behind the original. Both
pictures would face the same way. With the fake inside a heavy frame
in a poorly lighted location, no would notice the double thickness.
Valfierno
lived in a posh hotel frequented by rich Americans. The gift of the
confidence man is the ability to spot people susceptible to
corruption. Valfierno was pleasantly surprised to discover the
relatively large number of people —
“collectors” — who would buy anything they were
persuaded to admire, even though they could not under any
circumstances resell it, exhibit it publicly, or even show it to a
few close friends.
They
would be forced to forever keep it hidden.
“I
can get you that painting, if you’d like it.”
At
a time when they would most likely be alone, Valfierno would take
his pigeon to see the painting.
“There’s
your painting. Like the guidebook says, Murillo never painted a
better one. The price we have asked is really not enough, but we’ll
stick to our end of the bargain. We’re fools, you see, and we
run a lot of risk.”
“You’ll
deliver it, out of Mexico?”
“That’s
included in the price.”
“I
don’t see how you are going to get it.”
“That’s
our worry.”
“It’s
a deal then.”
“Do
you have a pen?” Valfierno asked.
“Yes.”
“Then
sign your name to the back of the painting.”
Valfierno
would pull the painting away from the wall. He always kept his eyes
not on the Murillo but on the room. He would repeat to his customer,
“Sign your name, or make any kind of mark you want so you will
be sure of its identification, so you can be sure when you get the
painting that you have received your Murillo.”
They
were, or course, marking the back of the fake.
Some
signatures were as flourished and unfakeable as a banker’s
name on a cashier’s check, others ingenious ciphers hidden in
a corner. An especially wary customer might even snip off a few
centimers of folded-over canvas or thread to use as a match with the
delivered painting.
Every
customer received the exact painting he had inscribed.
Valfierno
boasted to Decker that in a good week he could conclude several such
sales.
Lawrence Jeppson is an art consultant, organizer and curator of art exhibitions, writer, editor
and publisher, lecturer, art historian, and appraiser. He is America's leading authority on
modern, handwoven French tapestries. He is expert on the works of William Henry Clapp, Nat
Leeb, Tsing-fang Chen, and several French artists.
He is founding president of the non-profit Mathieu Matégot Foundation for Contemporary
Tapestry, whose purview encompasses all 20th-century tapestry, an interest that traces back to
1948. For many years he represented the Association des Peintres-Cartonniers de Tapisserie and
Arelis in America.
Through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, the American Federation of
Arts, the Museum of Modern Art, and his own Art Circuit Services he has been a contributor to
or organizer of more than 200 art exhibitions in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Taiwan.
He owns AcroEditions, which publishes and/or distributes multiple-original art. He was co-founder and artistic director of Collectors' Investment Fund.
He is the director of the Spring Arts Foundation; Utah Cultural Arts Foundation, and the Fine
Arts Legacy Foundation
Lawrence is an early-in-the-month home teacher, whose beat is by elevator. In addition, he has spent the past six years hosting and promoting reunions of the missionaries who served in the French Mission (France, Belgium, and Switzerland) during the decade after WWII.