One of the many interesting elements being uncovered in the Book of Mormon today is the presence of sophisticated Semitic wordplays that we have overlooked for many decades. The most recent discovery I know of was just reported in the Mormon Interpreter.

The reference is Matthew L. Bowen, "'And There Wrestled a Man with Him' (Genesis 32:24): Enos’s Adaptations of the Onomastic Wordplay of Genesis," Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 10 (2014): 151-160.

Bowen shows how Enos appears to be deliberating using Hebrew wordplays that link his struggle with God to Jacob's wrestling in Genesis, with multiple words linking his story and situation to that of Jacob in ways that add further meaning to the text.

It's clever, skillful, deep, and rather cool.

There are many other wordplays to consider. As I wrote in Part 2 of my Book of Mormon Evidences section, Semitic roots or other interesting aspects of numerous Book of Mormon names can be explored in a new resource from BYU, the Book of Mormon Onomasticon.

There, for example, you can look at the interesting relationship between the name Antionum, a place associated with wealth and pride, and a Nephite unit of currency, antion, both of which have relationships to Old World terms. (For Antionum and other "anti-" names in the Book of Mormon, also see a discussion of the name Antipus on the QuantumLeap42 blog and an article by Stephen Carr at BMAF.org.)

A related wordplay or metonymy involves the name Zeezrom. A more detailed discussion of the name Zeezrom was is provided by Stephen D. Ricks at MormonInterpreter.com, along with a discussion of Jershon.

Other examples of meaningful entries at the Onomasticon include Alma (more below), Ripliancum, Sheum, Zoram, and many more.

In Part 1 of Book of Mormon Evidences, I mention the apparent wordplay on the name Nahom, which can fit the mourning and murmuring described at the place. There is also a possible Hebraic wordplay involving the place name Sebus in Alma.

Further, there may be a sophisticated Hebrew wordplay in Lehi's vision. See "A Temple Gone Dark: An Important New Slant on the Themes of Nephi's Vision and Lehi's Dream" at Mormanity and also at the Nauvoo Times.

Further recent developments include the discovery of an interesting wordplay on the name Joseph in 2 Nephi 3 identified by Matthew L. Bowen, "He Shall Add": Wordplay on the Name Joseph and an Early Instance of Gezera Shawa in the Book of Mormon," Insights, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (2010). That wordplay also involves another intriguing Hebraic literary tool.

A potential wordplay involving the name Zarahemla has also been identified.

Another possible wordplay is at the center of a chiasmus discussed on my page on chiasmus in the Book of Mormon.

Joseph had not studied Hebrew before the Book of Mormon was published, so the presence of apparent Hebraic wordplays in the text adds an interesting element to consider.

The Hebrew Name Alma: Response to Critics

The discovery of "Alma" as an authentic Jewish male name from the time of Lehi ought to give the critics food for thought, but as usual, it is ignored or rapidly dismissed. For example, one recently e-mailed the following question: "Why do pro-LDS apologists cite names such as 'Alma' as evidence? In Hebrew, vowels are omitted so any 'new discovery' is just a coincidence (Alma= LM)."

Critics tend to always dismiss any evidence as just coincidence, but in this case, as with many others, there is little basis for the dismissal. The critic implies that all we have for the name Alma is two consonants that could just as easily be pronounced Lame-o, Elmo, Alum, Oleomo, Oily Moe, and so forth. This is not the case.

The name in the ancient Jewish document is actually spelled with four letters, beginning with an aleph. The name appears in two forms that differ in the final letter (א [aleph] or ה [hey]), but "Alma" fits both.

Transliterated into English, the first form with the terminal aleph (אמלא) is For scholars of Hebrew, there is good evidence that the name should be "Alma," which is exactly how the non-LDS scholar, Yigael Yadin, transliterated it.

For details, see Paul Hoskisson, "What's in a Name?," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1998, pp. 72-73 (link is to a PDF file; an HTML file is also available with just the text). That article shows a color photograph of the document that has the name Alma in it twice.

John Tvedtnes also mentioned the name Alma in a well-received presentation to other non-LDS scholars, "Hebrew Names in the Book of Mormon," where he noted that in addition being found as a male name in one of the Bar Kochba documents, it is also found as a medieval place name in Eretz Israel and as a personal male name from Ebla.

Alma proves to not only be a genuine Semitic name, but is a name of an Hebraic man. While this is well after Lehi's time, the name Alma has also been found in much more ancient documents from tablets from Ebla in modern Syria in 1975, dating to around 2200 B.C. (see Terrence L.Szink, "New Light: Further Evidence of a Semitic Alma," J. of Book of Mormon Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1999).

Finding the male name Alma in a record about descendants early Hebrews now must be viewed not as a reason for mocking the Book of Mormon, but as a reason to take it seriously.

As is often the case in the Book of Mormon, there's more than meets the eye of the casual reader. One of the most fascinating things about the purportedly ancient text with Semitic origins is that many elements in it make more sense and gain new layers of meaning when we import information from the ancient world that was not available to Joseph Smith when he whipped out this masterpiece.

Regarding the name "Alma," the way that name is introduced and used in the text reflects possible Hebraic wordplays on the name. That's the gist of Matthew Bowen's recent note at the Maxwell Institute, "'And He Was a Young Man': The Literary Preservation of Alma's Autobiographical Wordplay."

See also my related post on Mormanity, as well as "Nephites with Jaredite Names" in Hugh Nibley's classic book, The World of the Jaredites and also Michael Ash's "Nephite names find a 'home' in Middle East."

Alma, like Nahom, is an example of a name that not only makes sense in light of its Hebrew meaning, but now comes with archaeological evidence to add to its plausibility as a legitimate ancient name. Nahom's case, as I've mentioned here before, is especially impressive, in spite of dedicated critics simply dismissing it as being "without significance."